Hawaiian Islands weather details & Aloha paragraphs / January 10-11, 2010

January 10-11, 2010

Air Temperatures – The following maximum temperatures were recorded across the state of Hawaii Sunday afternoon:

Lihue, Kauai – 78
Honolulu, Oahu – 80
Kaneohe, Oahu – 82
Kaunakakai, Molokai – 81
Kahului, Maui – 82
Hilo, Hawaii – 85
Kailua-kona – 82

Air Temperatures ranged between these warmest and coolest spots near sea level around the state – and on the highest mountains…at 5pm Sunday evening:

Kailua-kona – 80F
Molokai airport – 70

Haleakala Crater –    54 (near 10,000 feet on Maui)
Mauna Kea summit – 46 (near 14,000 feet on the Big Island)

Precipitation Totals – The following numbers represent the largest precipitation totals (inches) during the last 24 hours on each of the major islands, as of Sunday afternoon:

0.68 Kokee, Kauai  
0.40 Schofield South, Oahu
0.00 Molokai 
0.00 Lanai
0.00 Kahoolawe
0.02 Puu Kukui, Maui 
0.01 Saddle Quarry, Big Island

Marine Winds – Here’s the latest (automatically updated) weather map showing a high pressure ridge near the Big Island. At the same time, we see a cold front moving down through the state. Our winds will be light SW ahead of the front. Winds behind the cold front will be northwest…finally turning north to northeast through Monday.         

Satellite and Radar Images: To view the cloud conditions we have here in Hawaii, please use the following satellite links, starting off with this Infrared Satellite Image of the islands to see all the clouds around the state during the day and night. This next image is one that gives close images of the islands only during the daytime hours, and is referred to as a Close-up visible image. This next image shows a larger view of the Pacific…giving perspective to the wider ranging cloud patterns in the Pacific Ocean. Finally, here’s a Looping IR satellite image, making viewable the clouds around the islands 24 hours a day. To help you keep track of where any showers may be around the islands, here’s the latest animated radar image.

Hawaii’s Mountains – Here’s a link to the live webcam on the summit of near 14,000 foot Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawaii. The tallest peak on the island of Maui is the Haleakala Crater, which is near 10,000 feet in elevation. These two webcams are available during the daylight hours here in the islands…and when there’s a big moon rising just after sunset for an hour or two! Plus, during the nights and early mornings you will be able to see stars, and the sunrise too…depending upon weather conditions.

Tropical Cyclone activity in the eastern and central Pacific – Here’s the latest weather information coming out of the National Hurricane Center, covering the eastern north Pacific. You can find the latest tropical cyclone information for the central north Pacific (where Hawaii is located) by clicking on this link to the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Here’s a tracking map covering both the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. A satellite image, which shows the entire ocean area between Hawaii and the Mexican coast…can be found here.

 

Aloha Paragraphs

Cold front moving through the state

An active Pacific cold front is moving down through the Hawaiian Islands, which is expected to stall somewhere near Maui or perhaps as far south as the Big Island…bringing cooler air out way. Glancing at this satellite image, we see the leading edge of the frontal cloud band having entered Maui County, with the island of Kauai already starting to clear…on the other end of the frontal boundary.



There’s still a question as to how far this next cold front will push into the state, although it looks like a good chance of it reaching the Big Island with at least some showers over the next couple of days. The next cold front, destined to get close to the state, will be in our vicinity by mid-week. Just exactly what influence this front will have, besides bringing cooler winds our way…is still up in the air.

We continue to see large to extra large swells breaking along our north and west facing beaches. Sunday saw a new very large, to near giant NW swell arriving, which will remain around into Monday and Tuesday. Looking even further ahead, yet another very large swell will build late in the day Wednesday, remaining large for several days thereafter. This is the time of year when we often see these frequent high surf events, with the current swell being large enough, to keep high surf warning level waves breaking.

It’s Sunday evening, as I begin writing the last section of today’s narrative.  This satellite image, showing a larger area than the one above, displays the cold front progressing down over the southern part of the island chain. Here’s the latest looping radar image, showing a thin line of light showers along the leading edge of this cold front…although they seem to be diminishing with time.. What’s liable to happen is that the front will stall out someplace between Maui and the Big Island. This will leave the remnant moisture over those islands, which is a good thing. This is true, at least in providing some showers. The winds are already turning north and northeast behind the cold front, and even out ahead of it here on Maui early Sunday evening…which are cool. These winds will help to keep the clouds and some showers falling along the windward sides of these islands for a couple of days. The leeward sides likely won’t see much of this precipitation. This reality will stay in place through Monday, and perhaps into Tuesday, at least until the Kona winds start blowing ahead of the next cold front, forecast to arrive sometime around mid-week. ~~~  Looking out the windows of my Kula weather tower early Sunday evening, it’s become quite cloudy, after a lovely day of sunshine. At the same time, we have quite a bit of haze in our local skies too. As the north to northeast winds have a chance to blow a while longer, most areas will become less hazy on Monday. ~~~ I’m kind of excited about this rainfall just on our doorstep here on Maui, as the radar image above shows. It will likely be dark already before the rains arrive in upcountry Maui, but I’ll still look forward to hearing it fall in the dark. I love to see the rains falling during the daylight hours, as I consider it a treat to behold. I’ll be back early Monday morning with your next new weather narrative. I’m hoping that this cold front will make it across the Alenuihaha Channel to the Big Island, we’ll talk more about that in the morning. I hope you have a great Sunday night until then! Aloha for now…Glenn.

Extra: Inside with Paul Horn…youtube video

Interesting: Antarctica is warming, but not melting anything like as much as expected. In fact, during the continent’s summer this time last year, there was less melting than at any time in the 30 years that we have had reliable satellite measurements of the region.

The apparent contradiction is explained by the seasonal pattern of warming, say two glaciologists writing in Eos, the weekly newspaper of the American Geophysical Union. The continent’s winters and springs have warmed most, but it is still too cold in these seasons for anything to melt.

Melting in Antarctica happens almost entirely in the summers, which have warmed very little, say Andrew Monaghan of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, and Marco Tedesco of the City College of New York. John King of the British Antarctic Survey, based in Cambridge, warned against misinterpreting the lack of summer warming.

"Climate change denialists will use this work as evidence that Antarctica is not warming, despite the authors saying their works show no such thing," he said. Every year is different, says Tedesco. "In 2005, we had summer melting occurring inland as well as over the coastal ice shelves, and over areas up to 2500 meters above sea level."

And even during the exceptionally low melt of last summer, ice on the Antarctic Peninsula, which stretches out towards South America, continued to melt. The Wilkins ice shelf, which is attached to the peninsula, has been collapsing rapidly since February 2008.

The continent’s huge ice sheets contain enough frozen water to raise sea levels globally by around 60 meters. Tedesco and Monaghan say the main factor in how much they warm each summer is the strength of the winds that circle the continent. Circumpolar winds act as a barrier to warm air.

They have become stronger over the past four decades, effectively sealing off most of the continent each summer from the effects of global warming. The circumpolar winds appear to have strengthened because the ozone layer in the stratosphere has thinned.

This has made the lower stratosphere cooler and generated stronger winds beneath. But Tedesco warns that as the ozone hole heals in the coming decades, the winds will weaken, the continent will become much warmer in summer – and melting will increase.

Interesting2: The cold spell blanketing the Deep South was good news for some fruit growers, though the latest round of extreme weather has created worries for other farmers after the drought and drenching rains of 2009. "Right now, we’re letting nature take care of itself," said Joe Mitcham Jr., whose 100 acres of peaches are the largest orchard in Louisiana.

His peaches need 850 to 1,000 hours of temperatures below 45 degrees, and he expected to be well into 700 hours by next week. The effects of the latest weather swing may be more ominous for growers of citrus, strawberries and other specialties — depending on how long the cold snap lasts and, particularly for fish farmers, how abruptly it warms back up.

Alabama catfish producers, for example, could see greater-than-normal winter kill. Crawfish become lethargic and don’t eat, so farmers can’t catch them because they won’t go after the bait in traps until the waters warm up. It’s been almost 14 years since the area has had such a long and biting cold snap, said National Weather Service meteorologist Robert Ricks.

He expected temperatures to trend back toward more normal, above-freezing temperatures next week. Because most non-citrus fruits require an extended season of chilling to produce a good crop, they’re not big in warmer parts of the Deep South: fewer than 400 acres of peaches in Louisiana, and 1,000 acres of peaches and 250 acres of apples in Mississippi.

Even for peaches, it may be too cold for the best results, said Gary D. Gray, a regional extension agent based in Chilton County, Ala., where about 2,500 acres — 80 percent of the state’s crop — are grown. He said the best chilling occurs between 32 degrees and 50 degrees.

In Georgia, temperatures dipping into the 20s and 30s were helping the state’s 10,000 acres of peaches rack up the chilling hours needed to mature, said Charles Hall, executive director of the Georgia Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association. Apples need about the same amount of cold or a bit more, said Mike Reeves, regional agent for northeast Alabama.

The state has about 250 acres of apples, a state extension service spokeswoman said. The unusual cold also could kill off insects that might otherwise wreak havoc on blueberries or already hard-hit row crops later this season.

"It has been a wacky year," Mississippi State University agricultural economist John Michael Riley said. There was a slow start for some crops in 2009, with rains delaying spring planting.

Then came a dramatic dry-out, and high hopes for decent yields for crops like soybeans, cotton and sweet potatoes virtually washed away for many producers by near-constant rains at the peak of the traditional harvest. "The probability of something like this happening was always there," Riley said.

"It just happened to go down this year." Economists have estimated revenue losses for major row crops in Louisiana and Mississippi at more than $800 million, and Riley believes a federal emergency aid package will be needed to help some producers stay in business in 2010.

In many cases, 2009’s losses compounded those felt in 2008. That year was hit by hurricanes Gustav and Ike, high fuel and production costs, and wildly fluctuating prices on the commodities market.

Congress has yet to act on a bailout. At least half of Louisiana’s citrus crop is already picked, but farmers will have problems if temperatures drop to 22 degrees or below, said Alan Vaughn of the Louisiana State University AgCenter.

Growers with at least 4,000 trees will be able to get the labor to pick the rest and the coolers to hold the fruit for months, he said — but smaller growers, with a few hundred trees, don’t have the labor or storage capacity. The fruit, un-cooled, is good for about 10 days, Vaughn said.

"The small guy, if it gets too cold, he’s just lost the rest of his crop," he said. The cold comes at a bit of a lull in the production year. While there are some major crops at risk — Florida farmers have been scrambling to protect their citrus — much of the concern across the Southeast now settles on niche crops.

Farmer Eddie Faust was nervous about what he’d find when he peeled the insulated blanket off his strawberries once it warmed up again in southeast Louisiana. He figured some of the green berries he’d hoped to have picked and ready for sale for Valentine’s Day would have freeze burn.

He just hoped there wouldn’t be many. "It’s going to be a wait-and-see thing," he said days into a deep freeze that had sent lows into the 20s, about 15-20 degrees below normal for parts of the region. "This is the first in many years it’s dropped like this."

Interesting3: Viruses love plane travel. They get to fly around the world inside a closed container while their infected carrier breathes and coughs, spreading pathogens to other passengers, either by direct contact or through the air. And once people deplane, the virus can spread to other geographical areas. Scientists already know that smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, seasonal influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) can be transmitted during commercial flights.

Now, in the first study to predict the number of H1N1 flu infections that could occur during a flight, UCLA researchers found that transmission during transatlantic travel could be fairly high. Reporting in the current online edition of the journal BMC Medicine, Sally Blower, director of the Center for Biomedical Modeling at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, along with Bradley Wagner and Brian Coburn, postdoctoral fellows in Blower’s research group, used novel mathematical modeling techniques to predict in-flight transmission of the H1N1 virus.

They found that transmission could be rather significant, particularly during long flights, if the infected individual travels in economy class. Specifically, two to five infections could occur during a five-hour flight, five to 10 during an 11-hour flight, and seven to 17 during a 17-hour flight. "Clearly, it was air travel, by transporting infectious individuals from the epicenter in Mexico to other geographic locations, that significantly affected the spread of H1N1 during the outbreak last spring," Coburn said.

"However, until our study, it hadn’t been determined how important in-flight transmission could be. Therefore, we decided to make a mathematical model and predict what could be expected to occur during a flight." Using methods from the field of quantitative microbial risk assessment, the researchers determined the number of potential infections in one transatlantic flight, assuming there was just a single infected passenger on board.

Specifically, they used the long-established Wells-Riley equation, which was developed more than 30 years ago and is now standard for predicting the size of outbreaks within buildings and other enclosed environments for infectious pathogens transmitted through the air.

The equation is based on the number of exposed individuals, the respiratory rate of the infected person, the length of exposure to the infectious droplets and the concentration of infectious viral particles over time.

Amid concerns regarding terrorists targeting airliners using weapons less detectable by traditional means, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is ramping up deployment of whole body scanners at security checkpoints in U.S. airports. These systems produce anatomically accurate images of the body and can detect objects and substances concealed by clothing.

Interesting4: Contrary to conventional belief, as the climate warms and growing seasons lengthen subalpine forests are likely to soak up less carbon dioxide, according to a new University of Colorado at Boulder study. As a result, more of the greenhouse gas will be left to concentrate in the atmosphere. "Our findings contradict studies of other ecosystems that conclude longer growing seasons actually increase plant carbon uptake," said Jia Hu, who conducted the research as a graduate student in CU-Boulder’s ecology and evolutionary biology department in conjunction with the university’s Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, or CIRES.

The study will be published in the February edition of the journal Global Change Biology. Working with ecology and evolutionary biology professor and CIRES Fellow Russell Monson, Hu found that while smaller spring snowpack tended to advance the onset of spring and extend the growing season, it also reduced the amount of water available to forests later in the summer and fall.

The water-stressed trees were then less effective in converting CO2 into biomass. Summer rains were unable to make up the difference, Hu said. "Snow is much more effective than rain in delivering water to these forests," said Monson. "If a warmer climate brings more rain, this won’t offset the carbon uptake potential being lost due to declining snow packs." Drier trees also are more susceptible to beetle infestations and wildfires, Monson said.